Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (Excerpts)

(Adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on July 1, 1979. Revised at the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 14, 1997)

Chapter II Crimes

Section 1 Crimes and Criminal Responsibility

Article 17 If a person who has reached the age of 16 commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility.
If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 commits intentional homicide, intentionally hurts another person so as to cause serious injury or death of the person, or commits rape, robbery, drug-trafficking, arson, explosion or poisoning, he shall bear criminal responsibility.
If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 18 commits a crime, he shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment. If a person is not given criminal punishment because he has not reached the age of 16, the head of his family or his guardian shall be ordered to discipline him. When necessary, he may be taken in by the government for rehabilitation.

Section 3 Joint Crimes

Article 29 Anyone who instigates another to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in a joint crime. Anyone who instigates a person under the age of 18 to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.
If the instigated person has not committed the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.

Chapter III Punishment

Section 5 The Death Penalty

Article 49 The death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial.

Chapter IV Crimes of Infringing upon Citizen's Person and Democratic Rights

Article 236 Whoever rapes a woman by violence, coercion or any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 14 shall be deemed to have committed rape and shall be given a heavier punishment. Whoever rapes a woman or has sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 14 shall, in any of the following circumstances, be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death:
(1) the circumstances being flagrant;
(2) raping a number of women or girls under the age of 14;
(3) raping a woman before the public in a public place;
(4) raping a woman with one or more persons in succession; or
(5) causing serious injury or death to the victim or any other serious consequences.

Article 237 Whoever acts indecently against or insults a woman by violence, coercion or any other forcible means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention.
Whoever gathers a number of people to commit the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph or commits the crime before the public in a public place shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.
Whoever acts indecently against a child shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.

Article 240 Whoever abducts and traffics in a woman or child shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined; if he falls under any of the following categories, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment and shall also be fined or sentenced to confiscation of property; if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to death and also to confiscation of property:


(1) being a ringleader of a gang engaged in abducting and trafficking in women and children;
(2) abducting and trafficking in three or more women and/or children;
(3) raping the woman who is abducted and trafficked in;
(4) enticing or forcing the woman who is abducted and trafficked in to engage in prostitution, or selling such woman to any other person who would force her to engage in prostitution;
(5) kidnapping a woman or child by means of violence, coercion or anaesthesia for the purpose of selling the victim;
(6) stealing a baby or an infant for the purpose of selling the victim;
(7) causing serious injury or death to the woman or child who is abducted and trafficked in or to her or his relatives or any other serious consequences; or
(8) selling a woman or a child out of the territory of China.
By abducting and trafficking in a woman or child is meant any of the following acts: abducting, kidnapping, buying, trafficking in, fetching, sending, or transferring a woman or child, for the purpose of selling the victim.

Article 241 Whoever buys an abducted woman or child shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.

Whoever buys an abducted woman and forces her to have sexual intercourse with him shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 236 of this Law.

Whoever buys an abducted woman or child and illegally deprives the victim of his or her personal freedom or restricts his or her personal freedom, or commits any criminal acts such as harming and humiliating the victim, shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law.

Whoever buys an abducted woman or child and commits the criminal act as specified in the second or third paragraph of this Article shall be punished in accordance with the provisions on combined punishment for several crimes.

Whoever buys an abducted woman or child and sells the victim afterwards shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 240 of this Law.

Whoever buys an abducted woman or child but does not obstruct the woman from returning to her original place of residence as she wishes or does not maltreat the child nor obstruct his or her rescue may be exempted from being investigated for criminal responsibility.

Article 242 Whoever, through violence or threat, obstructs functionaries of a State organ from rescuing a sold woman or child shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 277 of this Law.

The major culprit who gathers people to prevent functionaries of a State organ from rescuing a sold woman or child shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention; the other participants who resort to violence or threat shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 257 Whoever uses violence to interfere with another person's freedom of marriage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention.

Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph and causes death to the victim shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years.


The crime mentioned in the first paragraph of this Article shall be handled only upon complaint.

Article 258 Whoever has a spouse and commits bigamy or knowingly marries a person who has a spouse shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention.

Article 259 Whoever knowingly cohabits with or marries a person who is the spouse of an active serviceman shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.

Whoever, by taking advantage of his functions and powers or the subordinate relationship, have sexual intercourse with the wife of an active serviceman by means of coercion shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 236 of this Law.

Article 260 Whoever maltreats a member of his family, if the circumstances are flagrant, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years, criminal detention or public surveillance.

Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph and causes serious injury or death to the victim shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years.

The crime mentioned in the first paragraph of this Article shall be handled only upon complaint.

Article 261 Whoever refuses to fulfill his duty to support an aged person, minor, sick person or any other person who cannot live independently, if the circumstances are flagrant, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance.

Article 262 Whoever abducts a minor under the age of 14, there- by separating the child from his family or guardian, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention.

Chapter VI Crimes of Obstructing the Administration of Public Order

Section 1 Crimes of Disturbing Public Order

Article 300 Whoever forms or uses superstitious sects or secret societies or weird religious organizations or uses superstition to undermine the implementation of the laws and administrative rules and regulations of the State shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years; if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.

Whoever forms or uses superstitious sects or secret societies or weird religious organizations or uses superstition to cheat another person, and causes death to the person shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Whoever forms or uses superstitious sects or secret societies or weird religious organizations or uses superstition to rape a woman or swindle money or property shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Articles 236 and Article 266 of this Law respectively.

Article 301 Where people are gathered to engage in licentious activities, the ringleaders and the persons who repeatedly take part in such activities shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance. Whoever entices a minor to join people in licentious activities shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Section 7
Crimes of Smuggling, Trafficking in, Transporting and Manufacturing Narcotic Drugs
Article 353 Whoever lures, aids and abets, or cheats another person into drug ingestion or injection shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined.

Whoever forces another person to ingest or inject narcotic drugs shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.

Whoever lures, aids and abets or cheats a minor into drug ingestion or injection or forces a minor to ingest or inject narcotic drugs shall be given a heavier punishment.

Section 8

Crimes of Organizing, Forcing, Luring, Sheltering, or Procuring other Persons to Engage in Prostitution
Article 358 Whoever arranges for or forces another person to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined; whoever falls under any of the following categories shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment and shall also be fined or be sentenced to confiscation of property:
(1) making arrangements for another person to engage in prostitution and the circumstances being serious;
(2) forcing a girl under the age of 14 to engage in prostitution;
(3) forcing a number of persons to engage in prostitution or repeatedly forcing another person to engage in prostitution;
(4) forcing the victim to engage in prostitution after raping her; or
(5) causing serious injury, death or other serious consequences to the person who is forced to engage in prostitution.

Whoever falls under any of the categories mentioned in the preceding paragraph, if the circumstances are especially serious, shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or death and shall also be sentenced to confiscation of property.

Whoever assists in arranging for another person to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.

Article 359 Whoever lures other persons into or shelters prostitution or procures other persons to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined. Whoever lures a girl under the age of 14 to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined.

Article 360 Any person who knows clearly that he or she is suffering from serious venereal diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea goes whoring or engages in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined.

Whoever whores with a girl under the age of 14 shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined.

Article 361 Any employee of a unit in the trade of hotels, in the catering or entertainment services, or in the taxi services who, by taking advantage of his or her work unit arranges for, forces or lures another person to engage in prostitution or provides shelter for prostitution or procures other persons to engage in prostitution, shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Articles 358 and 359 of this Law.

If the chief leading member of any of the units listed above commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, he or she shall be given a heavier punishment.

Article 362 Where an employee of a unit in the trade of hotels, in the catering or entertainment services, or in the taxi services, informs law-breakers of a public security organ's plan to ferret out or deal with activities of prostitution or whoring, if the circumstances are serious, he shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 310 of this Law.

Section 9
Crimes of Producing, Selling or Disseminating Pornographic Materials

Article 364 Whoever disseminates pornographic materials including books, periodicals, movies, video-audio tapes and pictures, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years, criminal detention or public surveillance.

Whoever arranges for shows of pornographic audio-video products including movies and video-tapes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.

Whoever produces or duplicates pornographic audio-video products including movies and video-tapes and arranges for their show shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of this Article.

Whoever disseminates pornographic materials to a minor under the age of 18 shall be given a heavier punishment.

Chapter IX Crimes of Dereliction of Duty

Article 416 Any functionary of a State organ who is charged with the functions and responsibilities to rescue a woman or child who is abducted, sold or kidnapped fails to do so on receiving a request for rescue by the victim or by his or her family members or on receiving a report thereon made by any other person, thus causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention.

Any functionary of a State organ charged with the said functions and responsibilities who, by taking advantage of his office, hinders the rescue effort shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years; if the circumstances are relatively minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention.

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Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (Excerpts)

(Adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on July 1, 1979, and revised in accordance with the Decision on Revising the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 17, 1996)

Part One General Provisions

Chapter I Aim and Basic Principles

Article 14 The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall safeguard the procedural rights to which participants in proceedings are entitled according to law.

In cases where a minor under the age of 18 commits a crime, the criminal suspect and the legal representative of the defendant may be notified to be present at the time of interrogation and trial.

Participants in proceedings shall have the right to file charges against judges, procurators and investigators whose acts infringe on their citizen's procedural rights or subject their persons to indignities.

Chapter VI Compulsory Measures

Article 60 When there is evidence to support the facts of a crime and the criminal suspect or defendant could be sentenced to a punishment of not less than imprisonment, and if such measures as allowing him to obtain a guarantor pending trial or placing him under residential surveillance would be insufficient to prevent the occurrence of danger to society, thus necessitating his arrest, the criminal suspect or defendant shall be immediately arrested according to law.

If a criminal suspect or defendant who should be arrested is seriously ill or is a pregnant woman or a woman breast-feeding her own baby, he or she may be allowed to obtain a guarantor pending trial or be placed under residential surveillance.

Part two
Filing a Case, Investigation, and Initiation of Public Prosecution

Chapter II Investigation

Section 3 Questioning of the Witnesses

Article 98 When a witness is questioned, he shall be instructed to provide evidence and give testimony truthfully and shall be informed of the legal responsibility that shall be incurred for intentionally giving false testimony or concealing criminal evidence.
When a witness under the age of 18 is questioned, his legal representative may be notified to be present.

Section 4 Inquest and Examination

Article 105 An examination may be conducted of the person of the victim or criminal suspect in order to ascertain some of his characteristics or physiological condition, or the circumstances of the injury.

If a criminal suspect refuses to be examined, the investigators, when they deem it necessary, may conduct a compulsory examination.
Examination of the persons of women shall be conducted by female officers or doctors.

Section 5 Search

Article 112 During a search, the person to be searched or his family members, neighbours or other eyewitnesses shall be present at the scene. Searches of the persons of women shall be conducted by female officers.

Part Three Trial

Chapter II Procedure of First Instance

Section 1 Cases of Public Prosecution

Article 152 Cases of first instance in a people's court shall be heard in public. However, cases involving State secrets or private affairs of individuals shall not be heard in public.

No cases involving crimes committed by minors who have reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 shall be heard in public. Generally, cases involving crimes committed by minors who have reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 shall also not be heard in public.

The reason for not hearing a case in public shall be announced in court.

Part Four Execution

Article 211 After receiving an order from the Supreme People's Court to execute a death sentence, the people's court at a lower level shall cause the sentence to be executed within seven days. However, under one of the following conditions the people's court at a lower level shall suspend execution and immediately submit a report to the Supreme People's Court for an order:
(1) if it is discovered before the execution of the sentence that the judgment may contain an error;
(2) if, before the execution of the sentence, the criminal exposes major criminal facts or renders other significantly meritorious service, thus the sentence may need to be revised; or
(3) if the criminal is pregnant.

If the reason given in sub-paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding paragraph which caused the suspension of the sentence has disappeared, the sentence may be executed only after a report is submitted to the President of the Supreme People's Court for him to sign and issue another order for execution of the death sentence. If execution is suspended for the reason given in sub-paragraph (3) of the preceding paragraph, a request shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for it to alter the sentence according to law.

Article 214 A criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention, under either of the following conditions, may be permitted to temporarily serve his sentence outside prison:
(1) if the criminal is seriously ill and needs to be released on parole for medical treatment; or
(2) if the criminal is pregnant or is breast-feeding her own baby. If a criminal to be released on parole for medical treatment may endanger the community or if a criminal injures himself or makes himself disabled, he may not be released on parole for medical treatment.
If a criminal is truly ill seriously and must be released on parole for medical treatment, a supporting document prepared by the hospital designated by a people's government at the provincial level shall be needed, and the matter shall be subject to examination and approval according to the procedure prescribed by law.
If it is found that a criminal released on parole for medical treatment does not meet the conditions for release on parole for medical treatment or the criminal has gravely violated the regulations regarding such release, he shall be taken back to prison without delay.
As to a criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention who is unable to look after himself in everyday life, if his service of sentence outside prison would not endanger the community, he may be permitted to serve his sentence outside prison temporarily. If a criminal is permitted to serve his sentence outside prison temporarily, the sentence shall be executed by the public security organ in the place where the criminal resides, the executing organ shall exercise strict control and supervision over him and the grass-roots organizations or the unit where the criminal originally belonged shall assist in supervision.