Facts
and Data
I. Women and Politics
1. Number of Female Deputies and SC Members of the
Ninth NPC
|
Session
|
Year
|
Number
of Female Deputies
|
Percentage
|
Number
of Female SC Members
|
Percentage
|
|
The Ninth
|
1998
|
650
|
21.81
|
17
|
12.69
|
2. Number of Female Members and SC Members of the
Ninth CPPCC
|
Session
|
Year
|
Number
of Female Deputies
|
Percentage
|
Number
of Female SC Members
|
Percentage
|
|
The Ninth
|
1998
|
340
|
15.54
|
29
|
8.97
|
3. Proportion of Women in the Leading Bodies of
Province, Prefecture and County in the Past Five
Years (%)
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
7.7
|
8.3
|
8.6
|
8.7
|
9.0
|
4. Proportion of Women in the
Officials at or Above County Level in the Past
Five Years (%)
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
14.1
|
14.4
|
14.8
|
14.8
|
15.1
|
5. Proportion of Women in Officials at All Levels
in the Past Five Years (%)
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
34.4
|
35.0
|
35.7
|
36.2
|
36.7
|
II. Women and Development
1. There are 711.5 million employees in China. Female
employees total 330 million, accounting for 46%
of the total, an increase of 0.3% from 1995. Women
account for 37.9% in enterprises; 43.4% in institutions;
24.4% in state organs, Party and government departments
and NGOs; 43.5% in service trades; and 57% in sectors
of public health, physical culture, and social welfare
service. Among the 5.95 million registered unemployed
people in cities and towns, women occupy 49% and
the rate is 3.1%.
2. Proportion of Women in Professional and Technical
Personnel in the Past Five Years (%)
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
38.7
|
39.3
|
39.9
|
40.6
|
41.0
|
3. There are 44 women academicians in the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 6.7% of the total; and there
are 34 women academicians in the Chinese Academy
of Engineering, 5.5% of the total. Therefore, the
amount of women academicians in the two academies
is 78 or 6% of the total at present.
III. Women and Education
In 2000, the net rate of female students in primary
schools was 99.07%, 0.87% more than that in 1995.
The gap with male students reduced to 0.07% from
0.7% in 1995. Meanwhile, the rate of female dropouts
from primary schools was reduced by 0.88%. The proportion
of female students in polytechnic schools increased
to over
50%. For the first time, the proportion of female
students in colleges exceeded 40% in 2000. Also,
women's vocational education developed further.
In 2000, the number of female students in vocational
middle schools increased 8.7% compared with that
in 1995, and the number of female students receiving
adult higher education increased 37.6%.
1. Number of Female Students in School (Unit: 10,000)
|
Year
|
Colleges
and Universities
|
Polytechnic
Schools
|
Ordinary
Middle Schools
|
Vocational
Middle Schools
|
Primary
Schools
|
Total
|
|
1995
|
102.9
|
187.1
|
2407.5
|
218.2
|
6241.1
|
9156.8
|
|
1998
|
130.6
|
272.7
|
2877.7
|
259.7
|
6645.6
|
10186.3
|
|
1999
|
162.1
|
287.5
|
3109.2
|
254.7
|
6454.9
|
10268.4
|
|
2000
|
227.9
|
277.3
|
3402.4
|
237.4
|
6194.6
|
10339.6
|
2. Proportion of Female Students in School (%)
|
Year
|
Colleges
and Universities
|
Polytechnic
Schools
|
Ordinary
Middle Schools
|
Vocational
Middle Schools
|
Primary
Schools
|
Total
|
|
1995
|
35.4
|
50.3
|
44.8
|
48.7
|
47.3
|
46.5
|
|
1998
|
39.3
|
54.7
|
45.7
|
47.9
|
47.6
|
47.1
|
|
1999
|
39.2
|
55.8
|
45.9
|
47.7
|
47.6
|
47.1
|
|
2000
|
41.0
|
56.6
|
46.2
|
47.2
|
47.6
|
47.1
|
3. Number of Female Teachers (Unit: 10,000)
|
Year
|
Colleges
and Universities
|
Polytechnic
Schools
|
Ordinary
Middle Schools
|
Vocational
Middle Schools
|
Primary
Schools
|
Total
|
|
1995
|
13.2
|
10.7
|
119.2
|
10.8
|
264.0
|
417.9
|
|
1998
|
14.8
|
12.3
|
145.4
|
13.8
|
284.6
|
470.9
|
|
1999
|
15.9
|
12.2
|
155.0
|
14.2
|
291.0
|
488.3
|
|
2000
|
17.7
|
11.5
|
165.7
|
13.7
|
296.7
|
505.3
|
4. Proportion of Female Teachers (%)
|
Year
|
Colleges
and Universities
|
Polytechnic
Schools
|
Ordinary
Middle Schools
|
Vocational
Middle Schools
|
Primary
Schools
|
Total
|
|
1995
|
32.9
|
41.6
|
35.8
|
37.0
|
46.6
|
42.0
|
|
1998
|
36.3
|
44.0
|
39.3
|
41.1
|
48.9
|
44.7
|
|
1999
|
37.6
|
46.6
|
40.4
|
42.3
|
49.7
|
45.5
|
|
2000
|
38.2
|
44.9
|
41.4
|
42.9
|
50.6
|
46.3
|
IV. Women and Health
1. Rate of New Midwifery and Hospitalized Delivery
(%)
2. Mortality of Infants and Children Under Five
(бы)
|
Year
|
Infants'
Mortality
|
Mortality
of Children Under Five
|
|
Early
in the 1950s
|
200
|
|
|
1991
|
50.19
|
61.03
|
|
1995
|
36.4
|
44.5
|
|
1998
|
33.2
|
42
|
|
2000
|
32.2
|
39.7
|
3. Mortality of Pregnant and Lying-in Women (1/100,000)
|
Year
|
In the
Whole Country
|
In Urban
Areas
|
In Rural
Areas
|
|
Early
in the 1950s
|
1500
|
|
|
|
1989
|
94.7
|
49.9
|
114.9
|
|
1990
|
88.9
|
45.9
|
112.5
|
|
1995
|
61.9
|
39.2
|
76.0
|
|
1997
|
63.6
|
39.3
|
80.4
|
|
1998
|
56.2
|
28.6
|
74.1
|
|
2000
|
53.0
|
29.3
|
69.6
|
V. Women and the Elimination of Poverty and Illiteracy
1. Poverty Elimination
By the end of 2000, China had basically finished
its plan for poverty elimination made in 1987, solving
the food problem of 50 million poverty-stricken
people. Among them around 50% were rural women.The
state increased its input in the task of poverty
elimination with each passing year, from 9.785 billion
yuan in 1994 to 24.815 billion yuan in 2000. The
sum came to 112.7 billion yuan, three times the
total input in the period from 1986 to 1993.
In 1998, the input in the form of small loans to
rural poverty-stricken women all over the country
was about two billion yuan, covering 1.816 million
poverty-stricken families.
From 1995 to 1999, the Central Government totally
provided 43.55 billion yuan in soft loans with a
3% uniform annual interest rate.
Up to the end of 1999, the guarantee system of the
minimum standard of living had been set up in all
the cities (counties) of China. The 2.81 million
urban dwellers including women whose life is under
the minimum standard were aided. Beginning on July
1, 1999, the state increased by a big margin the
income of the low-income
earners in cities and towns. The relative measures
also include increasing by 30% the standards of
the basic life guarantee and unemployment insurance
for laid-off workers of state owned enterprises
and the minimum standard of living for urban dwellers.
2. Eliminating Illiteracy
With a reduction in the rate of illiterate women,
the gap in the levels of education between men
and women is also reduced. In 1995, 13.4 million
young and middle-aged women became literate in
China. By 2000, the rate of illiteracy among young
and middle-agedpeople went down under 5%; the
rate of illiterate women in 1999 reduced 2.5%
from 1995; and the gap in the rates of adult illiteracy
between men and women was reduced from 19% in
1990 to 13% in 1999. Meanwhile, the difference
between men and women in the years of receiving
education reduced from 1.7 years in 1995 to 1.5
years.
Rate of Adult Illiteracy (%)
|
Year
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
|
In the
Whole Country
|
17
|
18
|
16
|
16
|
15
|
|
Male
|
9
|
10
|
10
|
9
|
9
|
|
Female
|
24
|
26
|
23
|
23
|
22
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Women's Organizations and Institutions
in China
I. Government Department
National Working Committee on
Children and Women Under the State Council Founded
on February 22, 1990, the National Working Committee
on Children and Women Under the State Council
(NWCCW) is a coordination and discussion organization
through which the State Council plays a role in
the work on children and women. It is responsiblefor
urging the government departments to carry out
various laws, policies, statutes and measures
about children and women and developing the children
and women cause.
The NWCCW is made up of ministers from 29 ministries
and commissions, including the State Development
Planning Committee, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science
and Technology, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission,
the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry
of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and
the Ministry of Finance, as well as the principal
leaders from various social groups.
The basic functions of the NWCCW are: to coordinate
and promote various government departments' work
on the protection of the rights and interests
of children and women; to coordinate and promote
the establishment and implementation of the children
and women development programs; to coordinate
and promote the government departments concerned
to provide the necessary manpower, money and materials
for the work on children
and women; to guide, urge and examine the work
of the working committees on children and women
in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government.
Wu Yi, the State Councilor, is the Director of
the NWCCW.
The NWCCW set up the office under it.
Department of Community Health
and Maternal & Child Health, Ministry of Health
The basic functions of the Department of Community
Health and Maternal & Child
Health are: to work out complete regulations,
technological standards and operation
criterions according to the Law of the PRC on
Maternal and Infant Health Care; to
supervise the implementation of the law and the
special techniques related to
women and infant health; to draw up the in-service
training plans for the supervisors
of the law, technological appraisers and professional
personnel; to work out the
measures checking on the professional personnel
and the recognition of their
professional qualification; to draw up the plans,
policies and technical criterions
of promoting the quality of the birth population
and guide the implementation; to
work out the plans, managing measures and technological
criterions for women's
health care and guide the implementation so as
to control the main women's
diseases; to formulate and guide the implementation
of the measures of the
establishment and management of women and infants
health organizations
and their technological and service criterions;
to be responsible for the observation
of women and children health and the management
of information for annual report;
to enhance international cooperation and exchanges
in terms of women health.
Department of Medical Insurance
and Department of Labor & Wages, Ministry
of
Labor & Social Security
The Department of Medical Insurance is responsible
for managing medical
insurance, insurance for industrial accidents
and birth insurance for workers
in cities and towns and staff members of departments
and institutions, as
well as drawing up and implementing the policies
and plans concerned.
The Department of Labor & Wages is the functional
department responsible
for adjusting the labor relations and the macro
regulations of wage distribution
in the enterprises. One of the important functions
is to work out the working
time, rest and leave system and the policy of
special labor protection for
women workers in the enterprises.
II. Legislative Body
Office of Workers, Youth and
Women, Committee on Internal and Judicial
Affairs of the National People's Congress The
Office of Workers, Youth and
Women, is an important part of the Committee on
Internal and Judicial Affairs
of the NPC. In daily work, it is responsible for
contacting the government
departments and NGOs concerned with the problems
of guaranteeing the rights
and interests of women and children. The main
responsibilities are: to carry out
the research and draft in terms of the legislation
on women, children and juveniles
and do the preparations before the discussion
of the law cases; to undertake the
drafting of the opinion documents discussed by
the presidium of the NPC; to make
examinations on the status of the implementation
of the laws on women, children
and juveniles; to check on the records of the
local statutes of women, children
and juveniles; and to deal with the letters from
the masses about women, children and juveniles.
The People's Congress, at various levels in provinces,
autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government,
have corresponding institutions
for guaranteeing the rights and interests of women
and children.
III. Non-Governmental Organizations
All-China Women's Federation
Founded on April 3, 1949, the All-China Women's
Federation (ACWF) is a mass
group united by women from various ethnicities
and circles for the further liberation
of women. It is the largest NGO for improving
women's status in China, and its
basic function is to stand for women, protect
women's rights and interests, and
promote equality between men and women.
The ACWF practices an organizational system of
local women's federations
and group members. The local women's federations
at various levels are
set up according to the state administrative divisions.
Women workers' committees
of trade unions in factories, mines and enterprises,
and those at upper levels
are all group members of the ACWF. At present
there are about 60,000 federations
at or above the township and neighborhood level,
980,000 women's representatives' committees
and women's committees at the grassroots-level,
and about 5,800 local group members at various
levels.
The highest power organ of the ACWF is the National
Women's Congress
held every five years. The Standing Committee
is the leading organ when
the Executive Committee is not in session. Under
it there is the Secretariat,
made up of the First Member and several Members
who are elected by the
Standing Committee and in charge of the daily
work. The ACWF has the Human
Resources Department, Women Development Department,
Rights and Interests
Department, Publicity Department, Children Department
and International Liaison Department.
National Committee of Young Women's
Christian Associations of China
Founded in 1923, the National Committee of the
YWCAs of China is a public service
group in the spirit of Christ, aiming to promote
moral, intellectual, physical and social
development of women, render service to society,
and bring benefit to people.
Talented Women Working Committee
of China Society for the Research of Talented
People
Founded in June 1963, the Talented Women Working
Committee is composed of people from
various circles at home and abroad who have the
ability of doing academic research and devote
to the research of development of talented people.
It aims to study problems on the talented
women, probe the rule of women's growing into
talented people, promote the development of
the talented women and give full play to the role
of women in the economic development
and reform and opening up of China.
China Women Entrepreneurs Association
Founded in 1985, the China Women Entrepreneurs
Association has 33 group members and
over 7,000 individual members across provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government, aiming to serve
women entrepreneurs heart and soul.
Women's Committee of Returned
Scholars Association
Founded in 1985, the Women's Committee of Returned
Scholars Association has 2,000 members,
aiming to enhance academic exchanges and promote
mutual understanding and friendly relations
among the women scholars of various circles at
home and abroad.
Chinese Women Geological Workers'
Committee of the Geological Association of China
Founded in March 1990, the main functions of the
Chinese Women Geological Workers'
Committee are to provide women geologists and
scientists with more chances of scientific
and technological exchanges and cooperation and
to publicize the role of women in the field of
geology.
Women Workers' Committee of the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions
Founded on February 5, 1991, the Women Workers'
Committee of the All-China Federation
of Trade Unions is a democratic and representative
organization for women workers. Its main
functions are to stand for and protect women workers'
legitimate rights and special interests
and carry out different work according to women
workers' characteristics and wills.
Women Mayors Chapter of China
Association of Mayors
Founded in March 1991, the Women Mayors Chapter
of China Association of Mayors through
various activities, studies the common problems
occurring to female mayors, publicizes female
mayors' achievements and builds the good image
of female mayors, so as to improve the quality
of female mayors as a whole and promote the urban
development.
Women's Committee of the Society
for the Advancement of Revolutionary Base Areas
Founded on March 22, 1991, the Women's Committee
of the Society for the Advancement
of Revolutionary Base Areas is the functional
department for the work on women in the
revolutionary base areas, aiming to serve the
people in the revolutionary base areas in
terms of material and moral building.
China Women Scientific and Technological
Workers Association
Founded on September 30, 1993, the China Women
Scientific and Technological Workers
Association is a non-profit group voluntarily
organized by women from scientific and
technological circles and women who care for the
development of science and technology.
It aims to encourage and support women scientific
and technological workers to care for
and participate in the development of science,
economy, politics and society, unite women
scientific and technological workers together,
give full play to their capabilities, and improve
their quality as a whole.
China Women Tourism Committee
of the China Tourism Association
Founded on January 20, 1994, the China Women Tourism
Committee, as a national
association for women in the tourism industry,
is a professional organization under the
China Tourism Association. It is composed of female
managing personnel in the tourism
departments and departments related to tourism
industry, as well as women experts
and scholars who research on tourism.
Committee of Chinese Women City
Planners of Chinese City Planners Association
Founded on March 8, 1994, the main functions of
the Committee of Chinese Women
City Planners are to enhance academic exchanges,
promote advanced technologies,
improve the professional capability of female
city planners, timely reflect their views and
suggestions, and protect their legitimate rights
and interests.
China Women Judges Association
Founded on May 7, 1994, the China Women Judges
Association has 29 group members
and 17,528 individual members. It aims to unite
women judges across China to study
intensively the law, enlarge professional knowledge,
improve the qualities and status
of women judges, reflect women judges' voices,
and protect their legitimate rights and
interests. It also publicizes the law and provides
people with counseling services on the law.
China Women Procurators Association
Founded on November 17, 1994, the China Women
Procurators Association aims to
conduct the research on professional theories
and issues on practice, enhance professional
learning, facilitate exchanges of women procurators'
experiences in executing the law,
and improve their own qualities. It has 26,000
members at present.
China Women Photographers Association
Founded on April 18, 1995, the China Women Photographers
Association is an academic
mass group composed of professional and amateur
women photographers. Its main
activities are holding exhibitions for women photographers,
academic research, professional
training and counseling service, as well as enhancing
exchanges among women photographers
from both home and other countries. It has 243
members at present.
Women Entrepreneurs' Association
of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
Founded on May 25, 1995, the Women Entrepreneurs'
Association is a membership association
of women entrepreneurs under the All-China Federation
of Industry and Commerce. Its members
are all outstanding women presidents, managers,
factory directors and senior managing talents
recommended by local federations of industry and
commerce. At present it has 200 members.
Society of Chinese Women
Doctors
Founded on July 6, 1995, the Society of Chinese
Women Doctors aims to unite female medical
workers to devote themselves to the program of
modernization, enhance academic research
on medicine, strengthen mutual understanding,
exchanges and cooperation among women
medical workers.
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